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26. What are demand- and pre-paging?

With demand paging, a page is brought into memory  only when a location on that page is actually referenced during execution. With  pre-paging, pages other than the one demanded by a page fault are brought in.  The selection of such pages is done based on common access patterns, especially  for secondary memory devices.



27. Paging a memory management function, while  multiprogramming a processor management function, are the two interdependent?

Yes.



28. What is page cannibalizing?

Page swapping or page replacements are called  page cannibalizing.



29. What has triggered the need for multitasking  in PCs?

Increased speed and memory capacity of  microprocessors together with the support fir virtual memory and

Growth of client server computing



30. What are the four layers that Windows NT have  in order to achieve independence?

Hardware abstraction layer

Kernel Subsystems System Services.



31. What is SMP?

To achieve maximum efficiency and reliability a  mode of operation known as symmetric multiprocessing is used. In essence, with  SMP any process or threads can be assigned to any processor.



32. What are the key object oriented concepts  used by Windows NT?

Encapsulation

Object class and instance



33. Is Windows NT a full blown object oriented  operating system? Give reasons.

No Windows NT is not so, because its not  implemented in object oriented language and the data structures reside within  one executive component and are not represented as objects and it does not  support object oriented capabilities .



34. What is a drawback of MVT?

It does not have the features like ability to  support multiple processors virtual storage

source level debugging



35. What is process spawning?

When the OS at the explicit request of another  process creates a process, this action is called process spawning.



36. How many jobs can be run concurrently on MVT?

15 jobs



37. List out some reasons for process  termination.

Normal completion Time limit exceeded Memory  unavailable Bounds violation Protection error Arithmetic error Time overrun

I/O failure

Invalid instruction Privileged instruction Data  misuse

Operator or OS intervention

Parent termination.



38. What are the reasons for process suspension?

swapping

interactive user request timing

parent process request



39. What is process migration?

It is the transfer of sufficient amount of the  state of process from one machine to the target machine



40. What is mutant?

In Windows NT a mutant provides kernel mode or  user mode mutual exclusion

with  the notion of ownership.



41. What is an idle thread?

The special thread a dispatcher will execute when  no ready thread is found.



42. What is FtDisk?

It is a fault tolerance disk driver for Windows  NT.



43. What are the possible threads a thread can  have? Ready

Standby Running Waiting Transition Terminated.



44. What are rings in Windows NT?

Windows NT uses protection mechanism called rings  provides by the process to implement separation between the user mode and  kernel mode.



45. What is Executive in Windows NT?

In Windows NT, executive refers to the operating  system code that runs in kernel

mode.



 46. What are the sub-components of I/O  manager in Windows NT?

Network redirector/ Server

Cache manager. File systems Network driver Device  driver



47. What are DDks? Name an operating system that  includes this feature.

DDks are device driver kits, which are equivalent  to SDKs for writing device drivers. Windows NT includes DDks.



48. What level of security does Windows NT meets?

C2 level security.